云南发现的猴类化石及其地层意义——附一新种 Macaca jiangchuanensis sp.nov.记述

本文记述的云南江川、保山发现的三种猕猴类:江川猕猴(Macaca jiangchuanensis sp.nov.),早更新世;保山塘子沟的短尾猴(M.arctoides)和菲氏叶猴(Presbytis cf.phayrei),早全新世,经~(14)C年代测定约7000年B.P.。江川猕猴是联系西瓦立克地区和华北地区的早期猕猴类型,为南方早更新世猕猴种的首次记录。保山菲氏叶猴的发现意义则是在更新世一全新世时期猴科的地史和地理分布上增加了新的成员。     

三种叶猴脊神经丛的比较研究

本文首次报道3种叶猴脊神经丛的组成,并与其他灵长类作了比较研究。结果表明:颈丛由C_(1-4)组成,多数标本不存在枕小神经和多数标本存在舌下袢;臂丛由C_4—T_2组成,形成典型的三干三索结构,后索形成两个神经袢;腰骶丛由L_(2-7)和S_(1-2)组成,存在屈股神经和耻坐股神经,与猴超科共同特征相一致。     

中国麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴种群数量估计与分布

2012年10月至2015年5月,对中国贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)的种群数量和分布进行了调查研究。本次调查采用了直接观察猴群计数、夜宿地观察、问卷调查和访问、未出版资料及文献补充4种调查方法。结果表明,麻阳河国家级自然保护区及周边共有黑叶猴72群(含保护区外2群)。基于直接计数的25个猴群,计算猴群平均大小为(7.7±2.9)只,并以此计算保护区及周边黑叶猴数量为554只。其中,凉桥片区共有41群,315只;龚溪口片区共有16群,123只;务川片区共有15群,116只。调查发现保护区黑叶猴的分布基本以麻阳河、洪渡河及其支流兰子河为中轴,以箱状河谷的峭壁上和河岸附近的植被区作为主要活动范围。67群猴群发现点位于离河流中轴线缓冲距1 500 m区域以内,占总群数的93.1%。因此,为了确保该物种的生存以及缓解当地人猴冲突,建议重点加强对河流两岸栖息地的保护管理和自然植被恢复,尤其在人口稠密区更为必要。     

Taxonomy and distribution of the françois' langur (Presbytis francoisi)

This paper discusses the taxonomy and distribution ofPresbytis francoisi. We are especially concerned with the classification of the white-headed langur.T'an (1957) suggested that the white-headed langur be classified as a separate species,Presbytis leucocephalus. We suggest that the white-headed langur is a subspecies ofPresbytis francoisi and should be referred to asP. francoisi leucocephalus. The distribution of the six subspecies of the françois' langur,P. f. delacouri, P. f. francoisi, P. f. hatinhensis, P. f. laotum, P. f. leucocephalus, andP. f. poliocephalus, is limited to southeastern Asia.     

Infanticide among free-ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus) at jodhpur (Rajasthan/India): Recent observations and a reconsideration of hypotheses

Considerable disagreement characterizes the debate concerning frequency, causation, and function of infanticide in connection with adult male replacements in bisexual one-male troops of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Detailed observations are presented about two noninfanticidal and three infanticidal male changes including six eye-witness and five presumed cases of infanticide within three langur troops during a long-term study at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The results do not support any explanatory hypotheses focussing on social crowding, regulation of population density, social stress, sexual frustration, incest avoidance, or social bonding, but are in general though not total agreement with the reproductive advantage hypothesis: mainly unrelated infants were killed (one possible exception), the infanticidal male generally sired the subsequent offspring (one exception), and the mean interbirth interval subsequent to infanticide is by 2.1 months shortened. Likewise, several cases of stress induced abortions occurred. It is demonstrated that postconception estrous behaviour is by no means a female counterstrategy to infanticide in order to confuse males concerning the issue of paternity, since an infanticidal male did not spare the subsequent offspring of mothers who copulated with him during pregnancy and pregnant females did not discriminate between fathers and non-fathers.     

The process of weaning in hanuman langursPresbytis entellus entellus

Twelve langur infants (seven males and five females) of three focal bisexual unimale troops of Hanuman langurs,Presbytis entellus entellus living near Kailana, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India) were observed for their weaning behaviour. Weaning starts between 7.0 to 10.0 months of age, average 8.6 months. The process of weaning lasts between 3.2 to 5.6 months, average 4.2 months. A 13-month-old infant is fully weaned. Infants are independent at this age. Male infants are weaned earlier compared to females. Males react to their mothers' rejections more fearlessly and are more vocal compared to females. By and large, infants were found in stress during this period as their mothers are often very harsh, hostile, punitive, and indifferent to their infants. By severing ties with their infants, mothers serve dual purpose of allowing their infants to become independent and may be to become ready to bear offspring.     

Abortions in free ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) — a male induced strategy?

During a 10-year long term study, 6 eye-witnessed and 1 pressumed cases of abortions occurred in 3 one-male bisexual troops of free ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus) near Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The age of the unborns varied from 35 to about 200 days. The subsequent birth interval ranged between 7.1–21.1 months. 2 miscarriages occurred during stable periods of residency of a single male. 5 cases occurred prior to or after infanticide in connection with male changes. In one case a female was attacked by the new male before she aborted. In one case a female presumably aborted after attacks on her semiweaned infant. Most of the reproductive losses hence seem to be related to psychical and physical stress exerted by new males on pregnant females. As part of their reproductive strategy, males reduce their waiting time to insemination in this way. Abortions may likewise represent an adaptive reproductive strategy of females, who prefer to abort instead of investing in a foetus which is likely to be killed after birth.     

Time budget of daily activity of Francois' langur (Trachypithecus francoisi francoisi) in disturbance habitat

The daily activity pattern of wild Francois' langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi francisi) was observed in disturbed habitat at Mayanghe National Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province, China, between 1999 and 2000. The behaviors of wild adult Francois' langurs were recorded at a 5-min interval using an instantaneous sampling method. The results indicate that resting, foraging, traveling, huddling, playing and grooming activities account for 35.41%, 31.67%, 14.44%, 9.61%, 8.54% and 0.33%, respectively, in the daily time budget of these adult Francois' langurs during the study period. In comparison with the results in undisturbed habitat, the decreased food availability in disturbed habitat changes the foraging behavior of langurs, and also changes time budgets of other behaviors, such as the increase of the proportion of traveling and the decrease of the proportion of resting. At the same time, the higher frequency of human activity in the disturbed habitat influences the time budget of daily social behavior of the langurs including playing, huddling and grooming. The patterns of activity rhythms of wild adult Francois' langurs in the disturbed habitat show some seasonal differences which are also discussed.     

兜叶藓属Horikawaea Nog.的分类、分布研究及H. nitida Nog.在贵州的发现

兜叶藓属Horikawaea是典型的东南亚特有属,该属共有3个种,目前这3个种在中国均有发现。从分布范围来看,该属分布的北缘是西藏的墨脱县,南缘是菲律宾群岛一带。兜叶藓Horikawaea nitida在贵州麻阳河黑叶猴自然保护区的发现也是该种在贵州分布的首次记录。根据采自贵州该属植物的标本,描述并讨论了该属的地理分布与属内亲缘关系。